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- $Unique_ID{BRK03930}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Leptospirosis}
- $Subject{Leptospirosis Canefield Fever Canicola Fever Field Fever Mud Fever
- Seven Day Fever Spirochetosis Swineherd Disease Weil Syndrome Meningitis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 389:
- Leptospirosis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Leptospirosis) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to
- find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorder covered by
- this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Canefield Fever
- Canicola Fever
- Field Fever
- Mud Fever
- Seven Day Fever
- Spirochetosis
- Swineherd Disease
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report.
-
- Weil Syndrome
- Meningitis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the
- "Resources" section of this report.
-
- Leptospirosis is an inclusive term for all bacterial infections caused by
- any Leptospira bacteria, regardless of the type. A single type of bacteria
- may cause various clinical symptoms, or a single syndrome such as aseptic
- meningitis may be caused by many types of this bacteria.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Leptospirosis is an infection caused by Leptospira bacteria. This infection
- may occur in several domestic and wild animals. The disorder can vary from a
- form without apparent symptoms to a very serious life threatening form.
- Animals carrying the infection can pass leptospira bacteria in their urine
- for months. The infection seems to be passed to humans, usually during hot
- weather, through direct contact with an infected animal's urine or tissue.
- Sometimes the infection is transferred indirectly through contaminated water
- or soil. Breaks in the skin and exposed mucous membranes (such as the
- conjunctiva, nose, or mouth) are the usual portals of entry in man.
-
- The incubation period for the Leptospira bacteria ranges from 2 to 20
- days. The disorder characteristically occurs in two phases. The
- leptospiremic phase starts abruptly with headache, pain behind the eyeball
- (retroorbital), lack of appetite (anorexia), severe muscle aches, chills,
- sweating, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Constipation, diarrhea, symptoms of
- the common cold, coughing, chest pain, a stiff neck, and difficulty breathing
- (dyspnea) may also occur. Enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and liver
- (hepatomegaly) are uncommon, but may occur. This phase usually lasts 4 to 9
- days, with recurrent chills and fever that spikes to over 39 degrees C (102
- F), and then abates.
-
- On the 6th to 12th day of illness, the second (or immune) phase of
- Leptospirosis occurs. Antibodies appear in the blood serum. Fever and
- earlier symptoms may recur and symptoms of irritated membranes lining the
- brain (meningismus) may develop. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid
- after the 7th day shows a greater than normal number of cells (pleocytosis)
- in at least 50% of patients. Inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body
- behind the iris (iridocyclitis), the optic nerve (optic neuritis), and
- peripheral disease of the nerves (neuropathy) may occur infrequently. If
- acquired during pregnancy, Leptospirosis may cause abortion even during the
- period of convalescence.
-
- Causes
-
- Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira which can be
- found in the urine or tissue of an infected domestic or wild animal. It is
- transferred to humans through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Leptospirosis may occur in people of all ages. At least 75% of persons
- infected with Leptospirosis are male. The infection can be an occupational
- disorder striking farmers, veterinarians, or sewer and abattoir workers, but
- most patients are exposed incidentally during recreational activities.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Many types of bacterial infections may cause fever and other symptoms similar
- to the symptoms of Leptospirosis.
-
- Weil Syndrome is a severe form of bacterial infection caused by
- Leptospira bacteria (Leptospirosis) causing abnormal liver and kidney
- function. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Weil Syndrome" as
- your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Meningitis is an infection of the membrane lining the skull or the spinal
- cavity (meninges) by either bacteria or viruses. (For more information on
- this disorder, choose "Meningitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin, the tetracyclines,
- chloramphenicol, and erythromycin may be effective if used before the 4th day
- after onset of symptoms of Leptospirosis.
-
- Mechanical ventilation has been used successfully in treating respiratory
- distress in Leptospirosis patients.
-
- Peritoneal dialysis in combination with treatment with antibiotics has
- been used successfully to treat severe liver and kidney failure in patients
- with Leptospirosis.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Studies are underway to determine the role of antigens and antibodies in
- treating Leptospirosis infections. However, treatments have not been
- established as yet.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- September 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Leptospirosis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, NE
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3534
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- References
-
- LEPTOSPIRAL EXPOSURE IN DETROIT RODENT CONTROL WORKERS: Demers; American
- Journal for Public Health (September 1985: issue 75,9). Pp. 1090-1091.
-
- CURRENT CLINICAL ASPECTS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS: F. Suter, et al.; Minerva
- Medica (May 12, 1983: issue 74,20). Pp. 1187-1190. (Published in Italian.)
-
-